in november of 1863 the city of atlanta

Butin another Georgia city, the story was very different. At least, that was the recollection decades later of a young man who had lived through those tumultuous times. In 1897 journalist Wallace Putnam Reed published an article in the Atlanta Journal sharing his memories of the Christmas of 1863 in Atlanta. That was the last Christmas before a particularly unwelcome visitor by the name of General William Tecumseh Sherman, along with about 100,000 of his rowdy friends, came to town. InNovember of 1863, the city of famous " March to the sea". Padakalimat, subjeknya adalah "the city of Atlanta" yang memiliki kata ganti "It", maka to be yang digunakan adalah "was". Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang tepat adalah "A. was completely burned". Dan kalimat lengkapnya menjadi "In november of 1863, the city of atlanta (was completely burned) during sherman's famous "march to the sea". 7In november of 1863, the city of atlanta _____during sherman's famous "march to the sea" burned. B.Completely was burned. C.It was burned completely. D.Completely burned it. Jawaban : A. Key Word : The city of atlanta InNovember of 1863, Atlanta _____ during Sherman's famous "March to the Sea." 1.completely was burned, 2.completely burned it, burned, 4.were completely burned, 5.it was burned completely H5 Ffcredit. PembahasanKalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris memiliki pola umum yaitu Be + V3 . Kalimat ini adalah bentuk dari simple past tense karena adanya keterangan waktu In November of 1863. ’ Untuk Simple past , maka polanya menjadi S + was/were + V3 + by + O . Selain itu, objek dan subjek dari kalimat aktif akan bertukar posisi di kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris memiliki pola umum yaitu Be + V3. Kalimat ini adalah bentuk dari simple past tense karena adanya keterangan waktu In November of 1863.’ Untuk Simple past, maka polanya menjadi S + was/were + V3 + by + O. Selain itu, objek dan subjek dari kalimat aktif akan bertukar posisi di kalimat pasif. Major General William Sherman commanded three Union armies in the Atlanta campaign Sherman's Atlanta CampaignAfter Richmond, Virginia, Atlanta, Georgia was the most crucial railroad and supply center in the Confederacy. Sherman and his armies left Chattanooga in May 1864; their objective was Atlanta with its capture resulting in the following Split the Confederacy in half Isolate Confederate armies in the west Deny supplies and transportation routes to the Confederacy General map of Shermans Atlanta Campaign Sherman attacked along the axis of the Western and Atlantic Railroad line, which ran from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Marietta, Georgia. The two armies fought a series of battles that followed a similar pattern. Sherman would send part of his army against General Johnston's fortified defensive position while flanking the Confederate position with other Union forces Johnston would respond to the flanking maneuver by retreating to another secure geographic location further down the line toward Atlanta The Atlanta campaign followed this pattern in battles at Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, and Adairsville in early May 1864. Sherman confronted Johnston's army in a powerful defensive position at Allatoona Pass; he maneuvered his entire Army around Johnston's left flank to force a Confederate retreat. Fearing his army would be overrun at the battle of Marietta, General Johnston retreated again to a previously selected fortified position at Kennesaw Mountain. General Joseph Johnson Kennesaw MountainAt Kennesaw Mountain, General Sherman abandoned his previous tactic, maneuvering around Johnston's flanks, and decided to conduct a frontal attack against Johnston's forces. Now only fifteen miles from Atlanta, the Confederate forces at Kennesaw Mountain were imminent to his supply line from Chattanooga. In a telegram to Washington, Sherman stated"The whole country is one vast fort, and Johnston must have at least 50 miles of connected trenches with abatis and finished batteries. We gain ground daily, fighting all the time...Our lines are now in close contact and the fighting incessant, with a good deal of artillery. As fast as we gain one position, the enemy has another all ready...Kennesaw...is the key to the whole country."Sherman planned to weaken Johnston's fortified defenses by extending his Union troops to Johnston's battle lines' right and then attack at the weakened center. On June 27, 1864, Sherman attacked. After the battle, Sherman explained his reasoning for the frontal attack, despite the extent of the Confederate fortifications. Sherman is quoted saying"I perceived that the enemy and our officers had settled down into a conviction that I would not assault fortified lines. All looked to me to outflank. An army to be efficient, must not settle down to a single mode of offence, but must be prepared to execute any plan which promises success. I wanted, therefore, for the moral effect, to make a successful assault against the enemy behind his breastworks, and resolved to attempt it at that point where success would give the largest fruits of victory."The fruits of victory were bitter. Sherman's attacking troops suffered 3,000 casualties, Johnston's defenders 1,000; however, as most of his forces were engaged in the frontal attack, Sherman sent additional divisions around Johnston's left. Even though he had successfully defended against the Union assault, Johnston abandoned the Kennesaw Mountain fortifications for Takes CommandJohnston's retreat from Kennesaw Mountain caused Confederate President Jefferson Davis to replace him as General of the Army of Tennessee with General John Bell Hood. Davis stated that he was frustrated by Johnston's unwillingness to confront Sherman's divisions even given the almost two to one disparity in numbers between the two opposing armies. After the Confederate retreat from Kennesaw Mountain, Sherman's three armies totaling 90,000 troops surrounded Atlanta. General John Bell Hood replaced General Johnston after the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain The Battle of Atlanta MapGeneral Hood was much more aggressive in his actions than his predecessor Johnston, although, in the end, this aggressiveness hastened the fall of Atlanta. On July 20, 1864, Hood sent two divisions to attack one of Sherman's armies, the Army of the Cumberland, crossing Peachtree Creek west of Atlanta. The attack was repulsed, resulting in the loss of Hood's 2,500 evening, Hood sent his reserve division to reinforce a cavalry division on a low ridge east of Atlanta that ended in a prominence called Bald Hill. Another of Sherman's armies, the Army of Tennessee, was east of Atlanta, astride the Georgia railroad between Decatur and Atlanta; they were headed for the same ridge. Battle of Atlanta around Bald Hill July 22, 1864 On July 21, 1864, as the infantry of Hood's reserve division were entrenching defensive works on Bald Hill, they were attacked and overrun by the Union Army of Tennessee. Hood devised a plan to remove the Union troops from Bald Hill the following day. To hold the Army of Tennessee in its position and keep it from sending reinforcements to the Union troops on Bald Hill, Hood ordered one of his infantry corps under General Cheatham to attack the Georgia railroad upwards. Hood sent another corps under General Hardee on a flanking march to attack Bald Hill from the attack was supposed to happen at dawn, but nothing happened until noon. Hardee's flanking attack was stopped dead in its tracks for two reasons Hardee attacked too soon before Cheatham's diversionary attack had even started Expecting to find an unopposed flank, Hardee's corps ran into a Union corps of equal size To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Create your account Mahasiswa/Alumni Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang30 Desember 2021 1608Halo, Mawar. Kakak bantu jawab, ya. Jawaban yang tepat untuk soal di atas adalah A. was completely burned. Jawaban tersebut didapat karena kalimat rumpang pada soal secara keseluruhan memiliki arti "pada bulan November tahun 1863, kota Atlanta sepenuhnya terbakar di waktu terkenalnya March to the Sea Sherman" jika dicocokkan dengan pilihan jawaban dari A sampai D. Dilihat dari artinya secara keseluruhan, kalimat rumpang di soal ini bisa kita tentukan sebagai kalimat pasif yang memakai "Simple Past Tense" karena adanya keterangan waktu di masa lampau, yaitu "bulan November tahun 1863" in November of 1863. Untuk mengisi bagian hilang pada kalimatnya, perhatikan rumus "Simple Past Tense" untuk kalimat pasif sebagai berikut + S + was/were + V3 + .... Karena S Subject pada kalimat rumpang adalah "the city of Atlanta" kota Atlanta yang bisa diganti dengan "it", kata selanjutnya yang harus ditulis adalah "was". Kemudian, kata kerja bentuk ketiga V3 yang digunakan adalah "burned" terbakar. Namun, sebelum menulis kata kerja bentuk ketiga V3, diketahui bahwa terdapat kata keterangan adverb "completely" di tiap pilihan jawaban. Dalam kalimat pasif di soal ini, "adverb" diletakkan di tengah antara "was" dan kata kerja "burned". Secara lengkap, kalimatnya menjadi sebagai berikut In November of 1863, the city of Atlanta was completely burned during Sherman's famous "March to the Sea". Jadi, jawaban yang benar adalah A. was completely burned. Mahasiswa/Alumni Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta31 Desember 2021 0530Hai Hayley, Kakak bantu jawab ya Jawaban untuk soal ini adalah "A. was completely burned". Soal meminta kamu untuk melengkapi kalimat "In november of 1863, the city of atlanta _____during sherman’s famous “march to the sea” Kalimat tersebut merupakan bentuk Passive Voice Simple Past karena menceritakan kejadian di masa lampau, dan kalimat tersebut diawali oleh kata benda yang dikenai suatu pekerjaan "the city of Atlanta". Rumus Passive Voice Simple Past adalah "S + was/were + V3" - Was untuk subjek "I, she, he, it". - Were untuk subjek "You, they, we". Pada kalimat, subjeknya adalah "the city of Atlanta" yang memiliki kata ganti "It", maka to be yang digunakan adalah "was". Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang tepat adalah "A. was completely burned". Dan kalimat lengkapnya menjadi "In november of 1863, the city of atlanta was completely burned during sherman’s famous “march to the sea”. Semoga membantu ya The South, like the rest of the country, was forever altered by the dramatic events of the Civil War 1861-65. Few states, however, were more central to the outcome of the conflict than Georgia, which provided an estimated 120,000 soldiers for the Confederacy. In addition, several hundred white and 3,500 Black Georgians enlisted for the Union cause. Battle of ChickamaugaCourtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division Georgia’s agricultural output was critical to the Confederate war effort, and because Georgia was a transportation and industrial center for the Confederacy, both sides struggled for control of the state. Some of the most important battles of the war were fought on Georgia soil, including Chickamauga, Resaca, and Kennesaw Mountain, while the battles of Peachtree Creek, Bald Hill Atlanta, Ezra Church, and Jonesboro were significant turning points during the Atlanta campaign of 1864. Perhaps most important, one can argue that the Civil War’s outcome was decided in Georgia with the Atlanta campaign and president Abraham Lincoln’s subsequent reelection. Georgians’ Road to War When Lincoln’s election to the presidency triggered the secession crisis in the winter of 1860-61, most Georgians initially hoped for yet another sectional compromise. The Georgia legislature, however, following a directive from Governor Joseph E. Brown, appropriated $1 million for military expenses and called for the election of delegates to a state convention to discuss secession. The majority of Georgia’s political leaders at this point, including Francis S. Bartow, Henry L. Benning, Governor Brown, Howell Cobb, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Wilson Lumpkin, Eugenius A. Nisbet, and Robert Toombs, advocated secession. Their efforts focused on exciting white southerners’ fears of slave insurrection and abolition, which could potentially lead to Black equality and intermarriage. Despite the best efforts of such antisecessionists as Alexander Stephens and Benjamin Hill, the die was cast. The secession convention vote on January 19, 1861, took Georgia out of the Union as expected, though by a closer vote than many had anticipated. Infantry regiments were authorized, and the convention appointed Bartow, the Cobb brothers, Nisbet, Toombs, Stephens, and four others as delegates to a convention of other seceded states to meet in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4. At Montgomery, the delegates organized the Confederate States of America, and Georgians played an important role in creating the provisional Confederate government. Howell Cobb served as president of the convention, and Thomas R. R. Cobb was the main architect of the Confederate Constitution. Toombs and Stephens were prominent in the proceedings, but to their disappointment the presidency of the new nation fell to Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. Still, Stephens won the vice presidency, and Toombs accepted the office of secretary of state. The War Begins After secession, most Georgians hoped to avoid war and peacefully leave the Union, but the firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, on April 12, made conflict inevitable. Governor Brown’s call for volunteers on April 18 brought an enthusiastic response, and by October 1861 around 25,000 Georgians had enlisted in Confederate service. At first, Georgians experienced the war on far-off battlefields in Virginia and Tennessee. Fort PulaskiPhotograph by Brooke Novak Soon, however, the war came to Georgia by sea in the form of Union general Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan,” a strategy to weaken the Confederacy by blocking southern coasts and by dividing the Confederacy in two through attempts at occupying the Mississippi River. A Union naval force under Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont, commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, established a base of operations on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in the fall of 1861, to launch attacks along the south Atlantic coast and to disrupt international Confederate trade. Alarmed, President Davis sent General Robert E. Lee to Savannah to organize the defense of Georgia and upper Florida. Lee lacked the resources to do much, however, and before long Union forces began capturing key points along Georgia’s coast. By March 1862 Union troops had seized all of Georgia’s coastal islands, and on April 10, 1862, Union batteries on Tybee Island wrecked Fort Pulaski, leading to the fort’s surrender and the closure of Savannah as a functioning port. Despite the blockade, the Confederacy hoped that European demand for cotton would also bring support for the southern cause. These hopes were unfounded, however, as anti-slavery sentiment in England kept the British navy from becoming involved. By the war’s second year, the Union also targeted Georgia’s railroads. In April 1862 Union spy James J. Andrews led twenty saboteurs in a daring raid. In Big Shanty present-day Kennesaw, in Cobb County they seized the General locomotive and steamed northward. Western and Atlantic Railroad officials pursued them and, after a nearly ninety-mile chase, caught the Andrews gang near Ringgold before they could significantly damage the rail line. Confederate soldiers captured most of the saboteurs, and Andrews and seven of his raiders were hanged as spies in Atlanta. A year later, a Union cavalry force under Colonel Abel D. Streight attempted to cut the Western and Atlantic rail line near Rome, but Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest captured the Union force before it could do any real damage. Georgians Battling Richmond Meanwhile, the hardships and realities of war began to wear on Georgians. In April 1862 the Confederate government in Richmond initiated conscription to replenish depleted ranks. This was the first national draft in American history. Governor Brown argued that the draft was unconstitutional and despotic. He fought it and tried to maintain control of the state militia and other state troops. As the age limits of the draft were expanded, Brown protested anew. He relentlessly labored to field some viable separate state force and further circumvented conscription by recruiting militia members, who became known as “Joe Brown’s Pets.” Despite attacks from pro-Davis nationalists, Brown remained popular and won a fourth straight term as governor in 1863. But Brown was not the only Georgia statesman battling the Davis administration. Vice President Stephens spent much of his time at his home in Georgia denouncing Davis’s despotism. Toombs had quickly become bored as secretary of state and left to command a military brigade in Virginia, but he soon resigned and spent the rest of the war also denouncing the Davis administration. Even moderate Herschel V. Johnson joined the critics of the Richmond government. These men did much to hinder Confederate efforts and inflame anti-Davis sentiment. Home Front Mobilization While Brown struggled with the centralization policies of the Confederate government, he also worked to increase the state’s wartime production, especially with the manufacture of military supplies and equipment. Georgia quickly became a vital production center for the Confederate war effort. Atlanta, the state’s rail center, emerged as a home front, and the city contained one of the South’s few rolling mills, a quartermaster’s depot, and several major military hospitals. Additionally, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, and Savannah were vital industrial centers. Augusta was home to the Confederate Powder Works, the largest gunpowder factory in the Confederacy; one of the largest textile mills in the South; and an arsenal. Columbus had the Confederate Naval Iron Works, Columbus Naval Yard, cotton and woolen mills, and the South’s largest shoe factory. An arsenal in Savannah produced munitions until 1862, when operations were moved to Macon after the fall of Fort Pulaski. Macon also boasted a laboratory for bullet design and testing and was a depository for Confederate gold. The industrial village of Griswoldville, near Macon, manufactured weaponry before being destroyed by Union troops. Confederate CurrencyPhotograph by Wikimedia Financing the war was another struggle for the Brown administration. Like the rest of the Confederacy, Georgia tried to pay for the war with bonds and treasury notes instead of taxes. This led to massive inflation as paper money poured into the economy and the price of necessities soared beyond the reach of the masses. By early 1864 in Atlanta, for example, firewood sold for $80 a cord, corn for $10 a bushel, and flour for $120 a barrel; by contrast a Confederate private received $11 a month. Governor Brown worked tirelessly to aid common whites and made sure that needy soldiers and their families received money and salt to preserve foodstuffs. Yet the hardships of war touched the lives of every citizen, male and female, white and Black. Georgia soldiers saw action in every major campaign of the Civil War, and although Georgia units were engaged in the battles of the western theater, most served in the eastern theater in the Army of Northern Virginia. These men faced chronic shortages of food, clothing, and medicine as the ravages of combat and sickness relentlessly depleted their ranks. At home, white women faced the dilemma of managing farms and providing food for themselves and the war effort without adequate labor. Indeed, Georgia women had to step into multiple roles, providing support to soldier aid societies, working in hospitals or factories, and caring for their families. Social and Military Upheavals The war also challenged slavery and the plight of African Americans. Slavery broke down during the war, with enslaved workers using the absence of white males to secure better working and living conditions. While most enslaved Georgians remained on farms and plantations, many served the war effort of both sides as cooks, teamsters, servants, and laborers. Moreover, as Union forces penetrated the state, many bondsmen ran away to seek their freedom with the advancing Northern troops. Overwhelmed by the influx of freedpeople, Union forces set up “contraband” camps to provide food and shelter. In 1862 Union authorities began to authorize Black enlistment, and many Black recruits emerged on the coast and in northwest Georgia. While both Confederate and Union forces sought ways to use Black labor, freedpeople continually looked for ways to assert their own desire for freedom, dignity, and economic stability. Crucial to maintaining and enhancing their physical freedom was ownership of land. In Savannah, Union general William T. Sherman issued his controversial Special Field Order No. 15, giving freed people control of abandoned lands in the Sea Islands and signaling a new era of Black independence throughout the South. While radical elements of the Republican Party applauded this measure, the idea of taking property from whites, even Confederates, and giving it to African Americans proved far too drastic for the majority of white Americans, North and South. Therefore, the order was rescinded following the war. African American “Contrabands”Photograph by Wikimedia Adding to the chaos of the home front was the growing presence of Confederate deserters who, after 1863, hid in remote areas of the state, from the mountains in the north to the swamps and piney woods in the southeast. Equally harsh, Confederate and Unionist guerrillas of north Georgia made a hellish existence for many civilians. Georgia’s Appalachian counties had long been a stronghold for Unionists, and as the war continued to turn against the Confederacy, these areas became ever more hostile toward the Confederate government. War weariness led to other forms of dissent from Georgia civilians, who by late in the war joined with more ideologically committed Unionists to resist government-imposed conscription, impressment, and taxes-in-kind. Union Military Incursion The first full-scale military operations in Georgia took place in the late summer of 1863. In September a Union army under Major General William S. Rosecrans captured Chattanooga, Tennessee, and swept into Georgia. Later that month, Confederate forces under General Braxton Bragg defeated Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga and followed the retreating Union troops back to Chattanooga. The situation eventually led Lincoln to remove Rosecrans and appoint Ulysses S. Grant as commander of all Union forces in the western theater. Using reinforcements, Grant shattered Bragg’s forces at Missionary Ridge, sending them fleeing to Dalton in north Georgia. Confederate EarthworksFrom Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign, by G. N. Barnard In May 1864, the beginning of the Atlanta campaign, the Union launched simultaneous advances in Virginia and Georgia designed to crush the last remaining Southern resistance. General Sherman began the invasion of Georgia with more than 110,000 men. His objective was to capture Atlanta and destroy the Confederate Army of Tennessee under the command of Bragg’s replacement, General Joseph E. Johnston. Using his superior numbers to outflank the Confederate defenses of Dalton, Sherman began a long series of flanking maneuvers designed to bypass Johnston’s fortified positions. Only once, at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, did the Union troops attempt a large-scale frontal assault. Its failure led to a return to the war of maneuver. By July Sherman had pushed Johnston to Peachtree Creek at the outskirts of Atlanta. An anxious President Davis replaced Johnston with General John B. Hood. An aggressive commander, Hood attacked Sherman repeatedly during the battles of Peachtree Creek, Bald Hill Atlanta, and Ezra Church. Although the attacks failed to destroy the Union troops, they did stymie Sherman’s advance. Meanwhile, in August, the Confederates managed to defeat two Union cavalry raids headed for Macon and Andersonville. By the end of the month, however, Sherman broke the last Confederate rail line supplying Atlanta at Jonesboro, forcing the Confederates to abandon the city. The fall of Atlanta helped to ensure the reelection of Lincoln, thus making the Atlanta campaign arguably the most important of the war in terms of political consequences. Union SoldiersCourtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division After evacuating Atlanta, Hood’s army marched north into Tennessee, hoping to disrupt Sherman’s supply lines and draw him away from Georgia. Sherman briefly followed but then swung back to Atlanta after sending Major General George H. Thomas northward with sufficient forces to crush Hood’s army near Nashville, Tennessee, by the end of the year. Meanwhile, in mid-November, Sherman launched his March to the Sea. Having destroyed Atlanta’s capacity as a rail and industrial center, Sherman and 60,000 men marched southeastward against token opposition, cutting a sixty-mile-wide swath through Georgia to Savannah. Along the way, rail lines, bridges, factories, mills, and other wartime resources were annihilated. Despite orders, private property was also looted and destroyed. The Union soldiers foraged liberally off the land, although instances of murder and rape were rare. On December 21, 1864, Union forces finally reached Savannah. Triumphantly, Sherman telegraphed Lincoln “I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition and also about 25,000 bales of cotton.” In February 1865 Sherman moved northward out of the state to crush resistance in the Carolinas. The War’s End Capture of Jefferson DavisPhotograph from Wikimedia The last significant military action in Georgia came from Alabama, with Union major general James Harrison Wilson’s cavalry force capturing Columbus on April 16, wrecking its industrial center, and moving on to Macon. Wilson’s Raid occurred one week after the surrender of the Confederacy at Appomattox. By early May, Governor Brown formally surrendered the state’s remaining military forces. Union forces quickly arrested Brown, Stephens, and Cobb, but Toombs escaped to Europe. Also captured was Captain Henry Wirz, the commandant at Andersonville Prison, which had the highest mortality rate of any Civil War prison; Wirz was the only person to be executed for war crimes committed during the Civil War. Jefferson Davis held the last meeting of the shadow government at Washington in Wilkes County. On May 10 Wilson’s forces captured him at Irwinville. The long war had finally ended, and emancipation was completed in 1865. Although Georgians realized that the nation would remain united and that slavery had ended, other questions remained to be answered as they sought during Reconstruction to build a new Georgia from the rubble of the old.

in november of 1863 the city of atlanta